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Abordagem clínica e cirúrgica do prolapso vaginal em cadelas: revisão bibliográfica
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2018) Morais, Lorraine Cristina Oliveira de; Araújo, Itallo Conrado Sousa de
Alternativas de tratamento ortodôntico em adultos de classe II
(Universidade Brasil, 2022) Bortolo, Amanda Flávia; Gimenez, Carla Maria Melleiro
Análise e otimização dos algoritmos para angiografia por tomografia por coerência óptica e desenvolvimento de Phantom por impressão 3D
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Rodrigues, Karina de Cássia; Almeida, Vilson Rosa de; Amaral, Marcello Magri
Skin grafts are surgically applied to repair skin lesions such as burns and extensive necrosis. The success of this surgical procedure is associated with good blood supply in the grafted region. Thus, the assessment of angiogenesis during the tissue repair process is essential for its prognosis. The development of non-invasive evaluation techniques is extremely important for the success of this procedure. One of the promising techniques is Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A), a noninvasive technique that can be used to obtain images of the vascularization of biological tissues. The adoption of this technique as a clinical practice in dermatology involves reducing its cost, and the use of equipment with a low acquisition rate (low cost) is a possible path. Thus, this work aimed to implement and optimize algorithms for obtaining angiography images by optical coherence tomography (OCT-A) for applications in images acquired with low acquisition rate and cost equipment. To test those methods, it is requiring the use of phantom that simulate the behavior of the microvascular system. Thus, this work also aimed at the development of a phantom to simulate a microvascular system using 3D printing technology. Phantoms containing microchannels were designed and printed on polylactic acid (PLA) using a 3D printer by fused filament deposition. These PLA phantoms were imaged with the OCT system (OQLabScope - Lumedica, USA). Seven different OCT-A methods were implemented (HFM, STS, CM, SV, OSV, ISC and UHS-OMAG) and compared against their processing time, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, and contrast-to-noise ratio. The OSV and CM methods showed better overall performance based on these parameters, but CM shown higher processing time. An optimization of the CM method was proposed in this work, reducing the processing time by 99.2%, a significant gain for the algorithm that presented better performances in contrast
Aparelhos autoligados : indicação e comparação com o sistema convencional
(Universidade Brasil, 2022) Santos, Beatriz Magri dos; Rolim, Valéria Cristina Lopes Barros; Gimenez, Carla Maria Melleiro
Avaliação do efeito do extrato aquoso da casca do caule de “Ximenia Americana L.” incorporado à hidrogel à base de gelatina metacrilato (gelma) no processo de reparo ósseo induzido em ratos
(Universidade Brasil, 2023) Leal, Seânia Santos; Costa, Adriana Pavinatto da; Oliveira, Rauirys Alencar de
Several physiotherapeutic modalities have been studied with the aim of promoting bone repair. In the biomedical context, the use of Biomaterials has been studied to stimulate this process. The present work aims to produce, characterize and evaluate the effect of the stem bark extract of “Ximenia americana L.” incorporated into gelatin methacrylate hydrogel (GelMA) associated or not with photobiomodulation (LED) therapy in the bone repair process induced in rats. To this end, the materials GelMA and GelMA + stem bark extract of “Ximenia americana L.” that were used in in vivo experiments. Animal tests were carried out using 50 male Wistar rats distributed into 5 distinct groups called: control group (CG), GelMA group (GG), Gelma + LED group (GLED), GelMA group + Ximenia americana extract ( GE) and GelMA + Ximenia americana extract _ LED (GELED) group, which were subjected to the induced fracture protocol in the diaphyseal region of the right tibia and treated with light by emission diode 858 nm and energy dose 6J in an established period of 15 and 30 days, being euthanized throughout the same cycle. To verify the effects of the therapies, histological analyzes and Raman spectroscopy were carried out. The results showed that 15 days after inducing injury in the tibia of rats, in the GE group, bone neoformation was higher than in the control group and between the GG and GE groups. In 30 days of the experiment, there was also a difference in bone neoformation between the GELED group and the control group between the GE and control group. There was also a difference between the GG and GE and GELED groups. Given the results, it can be stated that the stem extract of “Ximenia americana L” incorporated into GelMA associated with photobiomodulation from LED is a potentiator of bone repair in an animal model.
Avaliação do óleo ozonizado e da fotobiomodulação no tratamento nos efeitos locais provocados pelo veneno da serpente Bothrops Jararacussu
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Fernandes, Jéssia Oliveira dos Santos; Navarro, Ricardo Scarparo; Cogo, José Carlos
The poisoning of the Bothrops jararacussu (jararacuçu) snake (B.jararacussu) causes local effects such as pain, swelling, inflammation, hemorrhage and myonecrosis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of ozonized sunflower oil (OZO) associated or not with photobiomodulation (FBM) in the local effects promoted by Bothrops jararacussu venom. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Bothrops jararacussu venom was injected into the right gastrocnemius muscle (30 µg/50 µl NaCl 0.9%; i.m.) and the animals were euthanized 3 and 24 h later. The oil was ozonized using a corona generator (Ozone & Life® Model R&L1.5RM) and the FBM was used with the following parameters: Thera Laser, DMC®, red 685 nm, 4 J/cm2, 100 mW, 0.3 cm2, 1 .2 J, 12 s, spot. FBM was applied immediately after inoculation of the venom and OZO was also applied immediately after inoculation of the venom soaked in gauze for 15 minutes. In the control groups, the animals were injected with saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) and treated with OZO or FBM. In the groups injected with the venom, the animals were treated with OZO and FBM applied separately or together. The animals were anesthetized, the muscles removed, rinsed with PBS (phosphate buffer solution), fixed in 10% formaldehyde for 3 to 24 h, processed by routine histology techniques and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. The histological sections were analyzed under a light microscope and the cells counted and measured using the J imaging program. Necrotic and normal cells were evaluated, quantitative and morphometric analysis was performed, cellular edema was quantified by measuring the area and weight of the muscles and determined the levels of creatine kinase (CK) release. Data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer tests (p< 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that the venom promotes myonecrosis of muscle cells characterized by edema and rupture of muscle cells. It promotes intracellular edema and CK release due to disruption of cell membranes. Treatment with FBM and OZO, applied separately, protects the muscle from the action of venom toxins, decreasing intracellular edema and decreasing CK release. OZO applied alone provided better protection than FBM. The association of FBM with OZO did not promote a synergistic effect in this protection. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that due to the beneficial effects observed in these results, OZO can become an adjuvant treatment in poisoning. promoted by Bothrops jararacussu together with the antivenom, reducing the local harmful effects. This improvement is due to the therapeutic effects of OZO.
Avaliação dos níveis de ansiedade em estudantes universitários
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Meneses, Aline Martins Diolindo; Santos, Laurita dos; Amaral, Marcelo Magri
University admission is considered an anxiety generating experience to students due to the educational method transition stage from High School to University. Anxiety is a psychopathology incident in University students in which the symptomatology affects the formal learning construction, generating psychological illness. Scientific studies show a higher incidence of anxiety disorders in the health field students compared to the general population, pointing out the need for IES’ to evaluate the students’ psychological conditions, offering support services. Goal: Assess the anxiety signs and symptoms and its correlation with sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics in University students. Methods: It is about an analytical and crosssectional study, conducted with 120 University students. The data was collectedthrough the following instruments: Sociodemographic and lifestyle questionnaire, BeckAnxiety Inventory (BAI) and saliva collection and salivary cortisol dosage. The researchwas approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of Universidade Brasil, under the opinion number 3.732.897. Results: A total of 120 students were a part of the study,106 being female and 14 being male students. The average age was 26.4 years old (Median:23.00; Standard deviation: 9.174; Min: 18; Max: 55). Out of the students, 77.5% are single and 76.7% have no kids. For the use of BAI, 16.7% of students had minimal anxiety, 13.3% had mild anxiety, 16.6% moderate anxiety and 53.3% severe anxiety. Regarding the dosage of salivary cortisol in the collected samples, 89.2% of students were within standard limits (under 0.736 µg / dL); 7.8% of students had cortisolvalues above the reference values. Conclusion: The data collected in the studyrevealeda high occurrence of students with signs and symptoms of anxiety disorders.The results reinforce the need for IES’ to include actions to identify students in psychological distress in their practices, concomitant with the adoption of pedagogicalpractices that envision their mental health.
Avaliação e comparação de diferentes comprimentos de onda (660 e 808 NM) da terapia por fotobiomodulação a laser na atrofia muscular em modelo de imobilização em ratos
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Gonçalves, Silma Rodrigues; Tim, Carla Roberta; Garcia, Lívia Assis
Atrophy of skeletal striated muscle tissue is a complex process caused by an imbalance between the degradation and synthesis of myofibrillar proteins, leading to a reduction in muscle strength and the quality of life individuals. Considerable efforts have been devoted to establish new treatments for an effective and safe clinical for treatment of muscle atrophy. Among the available therapeutic resources, photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has great potential, as it is often used as a promising therapeutic strategy for the rehabilitation of skeletal striated muscle tissue, however, there is no consensus on the best parameters in the treatment of muscle atrophy. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the in vivo response of PBMT to laser at red and infrared wavelengths in muscle atrophy in an immobilization model in rats. 32 male Wistar rats were used, divided into 4 groups (n = 8): control group (C); Immobilized group (ImC); Immobilized group submitted to PBMT laser at red wavelength (ImR); Immobilized group submitted to laser PBMT at the infrared wavelength (ImIR). The left hind limb was immobilized in extension for 5 days. For laser PBMT, equipment was used (λ = 660 and 808 nm; P = 30 mW; t = 47 s; D = 50 J/cm²) applied at two points in the gastrocnemius muscle (cranial and caudal). Treatments started immediately after removal of the immobilization, with 24-hour intervals, totaling 9 sessions. To evaluate and compare the treatments, histological analysis were performed, as well as the profile area, cell density and ATPase histochemistry. Histological results showed fibers of varied shape, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and thickening of the connective tissue, reduced profile and increased density of muscle fibers in all immobilized animals. Furthermore, it was possible to verify a modulation of the inflammatory process and a lesser thickening of the intramuscular connective tissue in both ImR and ImIR groups, however, these results were more pronounced in the ImIR group, associated with morphological findings of regenerating fibers and an increase in the number of fibers oxidative (type I fibers). Thus, we can conclude that laser PBMT at both wavelengths were effective in changing the morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle subjected to atrophy in an experimental immobilization model, reducing the inflammatory infiltrate and the formation of intramuscular connective tissue. However, RI promoted a more evident positive effect by increasing regenerating muscle fibers and the number of oxidative fibers, which may be a promising resource in the clinical treatment of muscle atrophy.
Biotecnologias da reprodução aplicadas a felídeos selvagens para conservação das espécies
(Universidade Brasil, 2017) Vicente, Ariane Beltrame; Borboleta, Luana Rodrigues
The threat of extinction weights seriously upon the big felines, including one of the biggest and more important among them, the Jaguar (Panthera once), which has as habitat different regions of Brazil. Nowadays it is found on the list of threatened animals or in risk of extinction.This means, the application of assisted reproduction in wild species threatened of extinction are more and more important. But in order of such technique to be applied, information regarding physiology and reproductive endocrinology must be obtained, just as characteristics of the ejaculated, estrous cycle, type of ovulation, seasonality and stress. These information about the Jaguar and other felines can be obtained through endocrine studies from invasive techniques of hormonal monitoring. The seminal evaluation, super ovulation, artificial insemination, in vitro production of embryos (including sperm capacitation steps, MIV, FIV, CIV) embryo transfer, semem and embryos cryopreservation, rises as an alternate method intended to minimize the lowering of genetic variability of populations. The electroejaculation, is the method used to obtain semen from felines, in the seminal evaluation, high marks of sperm abnormality are common in Felidae family and the Jaguar, usually associated to three big factors: Genetics, Nutritional and Environmental. Artificial insemination in Jaguars has the best result rate when done intrauterine through laparoscopia trans-abdominal. PIV is a well spread technique among Jaguars, the wild cats embryos cryopreservation exists, but it is still not a common procedure. All this Increasing the genetic variability and aiming at the successful conservation of endangered species of wild felines.
Caracterização cardíaca em serpentes da espécie Pantherophis guttatus usando variabilidade da frequência cardíaca
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Silva Neto, Antonio Gomes da; Santos, Laurita dos; Cogo, José Carlos
The use of electrocardiogram in reptiles can be an tool to monitor cardiac function in reptiles, however this technique is not broadly used, due to a limited understanding of its interpretation. This study analyzed the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) in Pantherophis guttatus snakes; animals that are endemic to the United States but distributed globally as a pet. Several cardiac diseases have been described for reptiles, however, for the studied snakes, these diseases are rarely diagnostic and in most cases the information is only based on the postmortem analysis. The use of linear HRV methods can contribute to the understanding of cardiac physiology, providing information for the diagnosis and prognosis of heart disease in snakes. Twenty-one snakes were used for the study (female=8, male=13) the snakes were not sedated. HRV parameters were made based on electrocardiographic records (ECG) and the RR intervals record were analyzed by non-linear methods, in the time and frequency domains. Significant differences were observed in the RR intervals for female and male snakes, varying by 18.8% and 15.3%, frequency. For the frequency of domain, the values varied between high and low. The changes observed in the time domain can be explained for the control of the autonomic nervous system by the action of the parasympathetic system, which is confirmed by the variations in the frequency domain. Even though significant differences were observed for cardiological variables between males and females, there is no way to infer the existence of pathological processes in any of the groups of snakes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the values established for SD1 and SD2, as well as the values of the frequency domain, with emphasis on the LF widely used in study in other species, were used to evaluate the cardiac function in Pantherophis.guttatus snakes.
Ceratoconjuntivite seca em cães
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2018) Freitas, Shelly da Silva; Pippi, Ney Luis
CCS is a common disease in dogs and is characterized by aqueous tear deficiency, resulting in dryness and inflammation of the conjunctiva and cornea and ocular pain, as well as progressive corneal disease and reduced vision. CCS is also known as lacrimal system dysfunction syndrome or dry eye disease, according to various consensus, is a multifactor disease of the ocular surface that results in signs of discomfort, decreased visual acuity and tear film instability with damage potential to the ocular surface. This study aimed to carry out a bibliographic study about CCS in dogs of the last ten years, so that the scientific advances for this disease can be known, with possibilities to improve the treatment and possible cure, due to the possible increase of the occurrence of cases in the present. A descriptive, qualitative and basic research was carried out based on the analysis of texts produced in Brazil on the problematic: What is the state of the art about dry keratoconjunctivitis in dogs in Brazil? The methodology used was a bibliographical review based on the careful search of scientific articles available on the Internet and containing complete texts and free access. The electronic databases analyzed were:Scielo, CAPES and Google Scholar. We selected 11 articles that were analyzed and categorized for analysis. Of these, 3 are reviews of literature on CCS; two laboratory studies, one on the microbiota and one on the histological; an epidemiological study and four studies related to the treatment of CCS, of these, three researches with drug therapy and one with surgical therapy. The results show little recent research on the subject, however, an evolution in the treatment by pharmacological therapy is noticed, being the authors unanimous to indicate the surgical treatment as an option only in the non-responsive cases with medication.
Cinomose canina – revisão de literatura
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2017) Domingues, Luciana Ferreira; Martins, Fernanda Manaia; Fêo, José Carlos Sabino de Almeida
Composição química e atividade antimicrobiana de óleos vegetais in natura e ozonizados em Acinetobacter baumannii
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Silva, Wagner Rafael da; Kozusny-Andreani, Dora Inés
The study of infection control mechanisms caused by bacteria is a topic of interest to different professionals involved in the hospital environment. This work aimed to investigate the use of vegetable oils as an alternative treatment in the control of these infections. The bactericidal effect of canola, coconut and palm oil, in natura and ozonized oils, was evaluated under Acinetobacter baumannii, a species of bacteria that stands out as an important opportunistic pathogen and is responsible for infections related to the care of health. All the tested oil samples were characterized by the techniques of gas chromatography, I2 and peroxides index, the most altered characteristic under the effect of the ozonation process, passing from undetectable in the samples of in natura oils to the fractions 125,7 ± 0,2; 422,4 ± 0,2 and 434,8 ± 0,2 meq/Kg of Na2S2O3 for canola oil, coconut and ozonized palm oil. The reduction of microbial load in A. baumannii strains was 93,5, 71,6 and 85,9% for canola, coconut and in natura palm oils, respectively, and 96,2, 93,8 and 91,0% for the oils of canola, coconut and ozonized palm oil, respectively. In addition, the efficiency in the inhibition time of A. baumanni showed that ozonized oils present immediate bactericidal action, where their bacterial count in 10 min equates to the results of in natura oils after 30 min of incubation. These results revealed that the oils tested can be used in the control of bacterial infections and the ozonization of these oils potentiates the bactericidal action. The results showed, however, that the comparison between the microbial counts of in natura and ozonized oils did not point significant differences, since all the resulting p-values were higher than the level of significance adopted for the comparative test. A similar result was found in the comparison among ozonized oils in terms of microbial count, that is, there were no significant differences among microorganism counts when the different types of ozonized oils were compared.
Demodiciode canina - relato de caso
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2017) Cometti, Ramayana Induzzi; Flecher, Mayra Cunha
Demodicidal, also known as follicular, red or black scabies is a dermatopathy characterized by the excessive presence of Demodex canis, a mite that is usually commensal of the skin. It presents clinically in two forms, localized demodicy (DL) and generalized demodiciasis (DG). The diagnosis is made through skin scraping and treatment can be performed through different protocols such as topical treatments using amitraz, benzoyl peroxide based shampoo or systemic treatments using moxidectin, ivermectin and more recently with the use of afoxolaner and Sarolaner, products still being tested for the treatment of demodosis. One dog, Pitt bul for 10 months with thick skin with hyperpigmentation, desquamation, extensive alopecia in several areas, wet and hemorrhagic lesions was attended. A skin scraping was performed for diagnosis. The treatment was carried out with oral administration of Ivermectin 0.5 / kg / VO / SID / 30 days, baths with benzoyl peroxide 2.5% and cephalexin 30mg / kg / VO/ BID / 30dias, in addition to vitamin supplement glutamine 1ml / 10kg BID 30 days resulting in improvement of the clinical picture after approximately 60 days.
Demodicose canina: relato de caso clínico
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2017) Baptista, Maria Nathália Souza; Martins, Fernanda Manaia; Fêo, José Carlos Sabino de Almeida
Demodicides are one of the main canine dermatopathies, caused by parasitic mites of the genus Demodex, especially Demodex canis, which proliferate excessively, due to the failure of the cellular response. The disease can present in two clinical forms: Localized Dermatitis (DL) and Generalized Dermatitis (DG). DL is more common in young dogs being self-limiting in most cases. Contamination can occur in the first days of life, through close contact with the carrier mother. The DG occurs mainly in animals older than two years of age, and its prognosis is reserved. Treatment requires the use of appropriate drugs and proper guidance to owners.
Dermatofitose: revisão de literatura
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2017) Lacerda, Rafael Magnum Lima Gontijo; Martins, Fernanda Manaia; Fêo, José Carlos Sabino de Almeida
Dermatophytosis is a disease of great importance at present, since it is a zoonosis, caused by a geophilic fungus. Of vast amplitude, it is considered that there are about 30 species of dermatophytes, being able to propagate in domestic animals, wild or even in humans. Their species are subdivided into, geophilic, those that live in the soil, zoophilic, those that attack domestic and wild animals and anthophilic, that attack them the human skin. Due to the potential of this disease, it is important to carry out a comprehensive review of the scientific literature in an attempt to suggest veterinary treatment to accelerate the suppression of dermatophytosis, reducing the risk of secondary contamination. The objective of this work is to do a review of the literature on Dermatofitose.
Desenvolvimento de biossensor eletroquímico para detecção de lactato
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Torres, Samuel Guerra; Costa, Mardoqueu Martins da; Costa, Adriana Pavinatto da
The development of new sensory platforms is of great interest to the field of biosensors, especially those with low cost and high reproducibility characteristics. In this context, the present study aimed at the production and characterization of a biosensor platform composed of films produced by the physical adsorption selfassembly technique (Layer-by-Layer - LbL) using chitosan and AuNps@PTS (gold nanoparticles stabilized with PTS polymer – a sulphonated polythiophene derivative). Subsequently, the platform formed was used for immobilization of the enzyme lactate oxidase (LOx) and detection of lactate. The films were formed in different numbers of bilayers and characterized by spectroscopic measurements of ultraviolet absorption (UV-Vis) and fluorescence, and electrochemical measurements. The LOx enzyme was immobilized on two LbL film bilayers through dripping and subsequent crosslinking performed with the addition of glutaraldehyde. The detection of lactate was performed through cyclic voltammetry (VC) measurements on standard samples. The results show that film growth was relatively homogeneous, and until the fourth bilayer the absorption intensity increased linearly with the number of bilayers. CV measurements showed that the electrode modified with two film bilayers allows greater charge transfer, being the platform chosen for immobilization of the LOx enxima and detection of lactic acid. Voltammograms showed that the presence of the LOx enzyme hinders charge transfer and that its immobilization was effective. Detection measurements show that the developed platform is suitable for detecting lactate, and the analytical signal presented a linear regime between the increase in the anodic current magnitude and the increase in the lactate concentration, in the range of 0.5 to 30 mM of lactate. The platform used was able to detect human sweat lactate at different times and intensities of physical exercise, with detection limits close to those found in the literature.
Desenvolvimento de processo de desinfecção por ozônio e conservação de pele de Lithobates catesbeianus para enxerto cutâneo em modelo animal
(Universidade Brasil, 2021) Moraes, Dione Natureza de; Pavinatto, Adriana; Amaral, Marcello Magri
Skin replacement is an important step in the treatment of various etiologies. Currently, there are several types of grafts available on the market, each with its own specificities, being used after a clinical study on the patient's health status. The use of bullfrog skin (Lithobates Catesbeianus) has shown promise as a possible skin graft, due to its cellular composition, high concentration of collagen, water and nutrients, biocompatibility, biological interaction with the substrate with the release of tissue biomodulators. In this work, a protocol for the sterilization and preservation of the bullfrog (Lithobates Catesbeianus) skins was developed, and its efficacy as a skin graft in an animal model was evaluated. Sterilization with ozone and conservation in 4 different ozonized solutions (saline solution, tea tree oil, copaiba oil and chitosan) were tested. The protocol of ozone disinfection and conservation in ozonized copaiba oil kept the skin inert to any microorganism for a period of twelve months. The evaluation in animal model was performed by histological analysis and by optical coherence tomography. These analyzes show promising results for future clinical applications, the skin proved to be excellent for use as a xenograft, as there was good graft adhesion, presence of fibroblasts and formation of a newly formed dermis. Compared to the autograft (control), this xenograft showed a greater presence of inflammatory infiltrates, which indicates the beginning of granulation tissue growth.
Distalização de molares com mini-implante
(Universidade Brasil, 2022) Costa, Rafaela Queiroz Freitas Barbosa; Rolim, Valéria Cristina Lopes de Barros; Gimenez, Carla Maria Melleiro
Doença do disco intervertebral em cães
(Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, 2017) Almeida, Janara Amaral de; Almeida, Fernanda Martins de; Fêo, José Carlos Sabino de Almeida
A herniated disc is defined as a complete or partial dislocation of the intervertebral disc, which usually causes spinal cord injury. Very common condition in dogs, especially chondrodistrophic. Diagnosis is based on history, clinical signs and thorough neurological examination for the location of the lesion. After the suspicious site, are indicated from simple radiographs, cervical or lumbar pyelography or CT scan. The alterations in the intervertebral disc range from chondroid metamorphosis (extrusion) or fibroid (protrusion). Depending on the compression degree and location, the signals may vary from mild ataxia to quadriplegia. You can affect the cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbar spine. Treatment options consist of medical and / or surgical treatment and is related to the stage of the disease and the degree of urgency. Early diagnosis and treatment are critical for recovery from these injuries.

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